North Dakota

Part of

• The 50 States

Standards alignment

Common Core State Standards

• D2.Geo.6.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Identify some cultural and environmental characteristics of specific places.
• D2.Geo.3.3-5 — Individually and with others, students… Use maps of different scales to describe the locations of cultural and environmental characteristics.
• D2.Geo.3.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Use maps, globes, and other simple geographic models to identify cultural and environmental characteristics of places.
• D2.Geo.9.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Describe the connections between the physical environment of a place and the economic activities found there.

Alabama

• SS10.6.2.3 — Identifying political reforms of Progressive movement leaders, including Theodore Roosevelt and the establishment of the national park system

Alaska

• 2 — understand the people and the political, geographic, economic, cultural, social, and environmental events that have shaped the history of the state, the United States, and the world;

Arizona

• 2.G1.1 — Use and construct maps, graphs, and other geographic representations of familiar and unfamiliar places in the world; and locate physical and human features. • Key physical features include but are not limited to seven continents, oceans, lakes, rivers, mountain ranges, coasts, seas, and deserts • Key human features include but are not limited to equator, hemispheres, North and South Pole, cities, states, countries, regions, and landmarks
• 1.H4.1 — Explain and explore origins of key American symbols, documents, landmarks, holidays, and leaders as well as their importance from the past to the present in our country. • Symbols include but are not limited to American flag, bald eagle, Statue of Liberty, White House, Washington Monument, Mount Rushmore, Liberty Bell, United States Capitol, and Arizona state symbols • Holidays include but are not limited to Columbus Day, Thanksgiving, Veterans Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Presidents Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Independence Day, Constitution Day, and Arizona Statehood Day • Leaders include but are not limited to local and/or Tribal leaders, state leaders, and national leaders
• 1.H4.2 — Draw upon fictional stories, biographies, and non-fiction/informational text to identify historical figures in your community, state, and nation and explain their significance in history and in the present day.
• 5.G1.1 — Use and construct maps and graphs to represent changes in the United States. • Key concepts include but are not limited to physical and human features of the United States, the regions of the United States and their characteristics, geographic location of major events, the growth of the United States through territorial expansion, demographic changes, and the states and their capitals

Arkansas

• C.1.1.4 — Describe state and national symbols and patriotic songs: • American flag • Flag etiquette • Star Spangled Banner • Recitation of Pledge of Allegiance • “Arkansas” by Eva Ware Barnett • White-Tailed Deer • Milk • Square Dance • Diamond
• G.1.K.2 — Identify and describe the physical characteristics of a place such as rivers, mountains, and forests using maps, globes, and photographs.
• H.1.K.4 — Recognize historic figures and other people who have made an impact on history.
• H.1.2.5 — Explain state and national historical symbols and landmarks and the people and events associated with them.

California

• 3.4.3 — Know the histories of important local and national landmarks, symbols, and essential documents that create a sense of community among citizens and exemplify cherished ideals (e.g., the U.S. flag, the bald eagle, the Statue of Liberty, the U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Capitol).

Colorado

• SS.1.4.2 — Identify and explain how the significance of notable people, places, holidays, and civic symbols reflect the origins and values of the government and its citizens.
• SS.2.2.1 — Use geographic terms and tools to locate and describe spatial patterns and places.
• SS.3.2.2 — Define the concept of region through an examination of similarities and differences in places and communities.

Connecticut

• GEO 2.6 — Identify cultural and environmental characteristics of a place/region.
• GEO 2.3 — Use geographic representations to identify cultural and environmental characteristics of place.
• GEO 3.3 — Use maps of different scales to describe the locations of cultural and environmental characteristics.

Delaware

• G.1.4-5a — Students will demonstrate development of mental maps of Delaware and of the United States which include the relative location and characteristics of major physical features, political divisions, and human settlements. Grade 4
• G.1.K-3a — Students will understand the nature and uses of maps, globes, and other geo-graphics. Grade K and Grade 3
• H.4.K-3b — Students will develop an awareness of major events and people in United States and Delaware history. • Who lives here and how did they get here? (immigrants, demographics, ethnic and religious groups) • Important people in our past • Different kinds of communities in Delaware and the United States
• K-3a — Students will use the concepts of place and region to explain simple patterns of connections between and among places across the country and the world. Grade 3
• G.2.K-3a — Students will distinguish different types of climate and landforms and explain why they occur. Grade 2

Florida

• SS.3.G.2.2 — Identify the five regions of the United States.
• SS.3.G.2.4 — Describe the physical features of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
• SS.3.G.3.1 — Describe the climate and vegetation in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
• SS.3.G.2.3 — Label the states in each of the five regions of the United States.
• SS.3.G.3.2 — Describe the natural resources in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

Georgia

• SS1G1.c — National Parks (Theodore Roosevelt)

Hawaii

• SS.1.2.14.3 — Investigate cultural and environmental characteristics of your community
• SS.2.3.13.4 — Describe major geographic features of places using maps, photos, and other geographic representations
• SS.1.3.17.1 — Investigate historically significant events, people, and observances in history
• SS.2.2.14.1 — Explain how human activities impact the environment

Idaho

• 5.SS.2.1.2 — Identify the regions of the United States and their resources.
• 5.SS.2.1.4 — Name and locate the 50 States and their Capitals, and U.S. Territories.
• 5.SS.1.1.2 — Discuss significant individuals who have been responsible for bringing about cultural and social changes in the United States.

Illinois

• SS.2.G.1 — With guidance and support, use print and digital maps, globes and other simple geographic models to identify cultural and environmental characteristics of places.
• SS.2.G.2 — With guidance and support, identify some cultural and environmental characteristics of your community and compare to other places or regions.
• SS.3.G.1 — Use print and digital maps, globes, and other simple geographic models to identify topographic and other graphic representations of both familiar and unfamiliar locations.
• SS.5.G.1 — Use print and digital maps of different scales to describe the locations of cultural and environmental characteristics.

Indiana

• 3.G.5 — Explain that regions are areas that have similar physical and cultural characteristics. Identify Indiana and the local community as part of a specific region.
• 5.G.2 — Use maps and globes to locate states, capitals, major cities, major rivers, the Great Lakes, and mountain ranges in the United States. (E)
• 2.H.4 — Identify and describe community celebrations, symbols, and traditions, and explain why they are important.

Iowa

• SS.K.14. — Compare environmental characteristics in Iowa with other places.

Kansas

• Benchmark 4.5.1 — The student will recognize and evaluate dynamic relationships that impact lives in communities, states, and nations.
• Benchmark 3.3.1 — The student will recognize and evaluate how societies are shaped by the identities, beliefs, and practices of individuals and groups.

Kentucky

• 2.G.GR.1 — Examine geographic features of places in North America, using a variety of geographic data, including maps, photos and other geographic tools.
• 2.E.MI.1 — Describe how examples of capital, human, and natural resources are related to goods and services.

Louisiana

• 2.21 — Describe geographic features and physical characteristics of places in the United States and the world, including mountains, hills, plains, deserts, coasts, islands, peninsulas, lakes, oceans, and rivers.
• 3.20 — Describe the geographic features of places in the United States.
• 3.6 — Identify and describe national historical figures, celebrations, and symbols. a. Describe the achievements of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, Sacagawea, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Sitting Bull, George Washington Carver, Susan B. Anthony, Mabel Ping-Hua Lee, Theodore Roosevelt, the Wright Brothers, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Alexander Graham Bell, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Jackie Robinson, Sally Ride, Katherine Johnson, and Mae Jemison. b. Describe the significance of state and nationally designated holidays, including New Year’s Day, the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inauguration Day, Washington’s Birthday, Mardi Gras, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day. c. Describe the history of American symbols, including the Liberty Bell, U.S. flag (etiquette, customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag), bald eagle, national anthem, Uncle Sam, Statue of Liberty, The Pledge of Allegiance, and the national motto “In God We Trust.” d. Identify and describe man-made American monuments and landmarks including the Gateway Arch, the Golden Gate Bridge, Jefferson Memorial, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington D.C, Lincoln Memorial, Mount Rushmore, Pearl Harbor Museum, September 11 Memorial and Museum, Statue of liberty, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, U.S. Capitol, Washington Monument, and the White House. e. Identify and describe natural American landmarks, including the Grand Canyon, Mississippi River, Monument Valley, Niagara Falls, Rocky Mountains, Smoky Mountains, and Yellowstone National Park.
• 3.27 — Describe the importance of conservation and preservation.

Maine

• SL.3.K.a — Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.

Massachusetts

• 4.T4c.1 — On a political map of the United States, locate the states in the Midwest; add to the timeline the admission dates for states in the Midwest (listed alphabetically: Illinois-1818, Indiana-1816, Iowa-1846, Kansas-1861, Michigan-1838, Minnesota-1858, Missouri-1821, Nebraska-1867, North Dakota-1889, Ohio-1803, South Dakota-1889, Wisconsin-1848).
• 4.T4c.4 — Using resources such as print and online atlases, historical sources, or national or state websites, construct a map of a state in the Midwest region that provides information about physical features (e.g., waterways and mountains), natural resources and industries such as agriculture and that includes a title, scale, compass, and map key.

Michigan

• 4–G2.0.2 — Locate and describe human and physical characteristics of major U.S. regions and compare them to the Great Lakes region.
• 4–G1.0.3 — Use geographic tools and technologies, stories, songs, and pictures to answer geographic questions about the United States.
• 4–G2.0.1 — Describe ways in which the United States can be divided into different regions.

Minnesota

• 4.3.2.4.1 — Name and locate states and territories, major cities and state capitals in the United States.
• 2.3.1.1.3 — Use maps, photos or other geographic tools to identify and locate major landmarks or major physical features of the United States. For example: Physical features—the Atlantic Coast, Rocky Mountains, Mississippi River, Lake Superior. Landmarks—Statue of Liberty, Angel Island, Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Mount Rushmore, Crazy Horse Memorial.
• 4.3.2.3.1 — Locate and identify the physical and human characteristics of places in the United States, and also Canada or Mexico. For example: Physical characteristics—landforms (Rocky Mountains), ecosystems (forest), bodies of water (Mississippi River, Hudson Bay), soil, vegetation, weather and climate. Human characteristics— structures (Statue of Liberty), bridges (Golden Gate Bridge), canals (Erie Canal), cities, political boundaries, population distribution, settlement patterns, language, ethnicity, nationality, religious beliefs.
• 0.1.2.2.1 — Describe symbols, songs and traditions that identify our nation and state. For example: American Flag, bald eagle, White House, Statue of Liberty, Pledge of Allegiance, Minnesota state flag.

Mississippi

• 5.9.2 — Identify school, community, state, and national symbols (e.g., United States flag, American eagle, etc.).
• 1.H.1.2 — Examine the significant contributions of historical figures to the local community, state, and United States.
• 3.E.2.3 — Identify local resources and products exported from the local community and state.
• 5.10.2 — Identify and label each of the 50 states on a map.
• 5.9.4 — Explain historically significant people and events that shaped America (e.g., our first president, etc.).

Missouri

• 4.EG.5.B.a — Name and locate specific regions, states, capitals, river systems and mountain ranges in the United States based on historical or current topics.
• 4.EG.5.C.a — Identify and compare physical characteristics of specific regions within the nation.
• 5.H.3.C.a — Identify and describe the contributions of historically significant individuals to the United States from c. 1800-2000.
• 2.PC.1.F.b — Recognize and explain the significance of national symbols including national landmarks, national parks, and important memorials.

Montana

• SS.G.3.3 — identify landforms and other physical characteristics of the Americas.
• SS.G.5.1 — identify and label US regions, territories, states and their capitals/major cities;
• SS.E.2.1 — describe the goods and services that people in the local, state, and national community produce;
• SS.G.2.1 — use the basic components of a map to identify physical and political features, including American Indian reservations; and

Nebraska

• SS 1.4.3.a — Identify the contributions of historical people.
• SS 3.3.1.d — Locate specific places on maps and globes.
• SS 3.3.2.b — Compare and contrast local places and regions with other places and regions.
• SS 4.2.4.a — Compare Nebraska with different regions and the goods and services each region produces.
• SS 4.1.2.b — Investigate the meaning of state symbols, songs, and holidays.

Nevada

• SS.2.9 — Identify major political leaders who have impacted U.S. history.

New Hampshire

• SS.GE.2.1.3 — Identify major physical and human features in the United States and on Earth, e.g., cities, oceans, or continents. (Themes: C: People, Places and Environment, G: Science, Technology, and Society)
• SS.HI.2.1.1 — Identify national and New Hampshire celebrations, monuments, symbols and documents, e.g., flags, Fourth of July, Lincoln Memorial, Constitution. (Themes: A: Conflict and Cooperation, B: Civic Ideals, Practices, and Engagement, E: Cultural Development, Interaction, and Change)
• SS.HI.2.3.1 — Identify individuals and/or groups who have profoundly affected life in the United States, e.g., Abraham Lincoln, or Pilgrims. (Themes: H: Individualism, Equality and Authority, I: Patterns of Social and Political Interaction, J: Human Expression and Communication)
• SS.HI.2.4.1 — Identify different segments of the United States economy, e.g., farm, manufacturing, or retail. (Themes: D: Material Wants and Needs, G: Science, Technology, and Society)
• SS.HI.4.1.1 — Explore biographies of key political figures who helped shape our community, state, and country, e.g., Franklin Pierce or Sandra Day O'Connor. (Themes: E: Cultural Development, Interaction, and Change, G: Science, Technology, and Society, I: Patterns of Social and Political Interaction)

New Jersey

• 6.1.2.Geo.HE.3 — Identify cultural and environmental characteristics of different regions in New Jersey and the United States.
• 6.1.5.GeoPP.2 — Describe how landforms, climate and weather, and availability of resources have impacted where and how people live and work in different regions of New Jersey and the United States.
• 6.1.5.CivicsCM.1 — Use a variety of sources to describe the characteristics exhibited by real and fictional people that contribute(d) to the well-being of their community and country.

New Mexico

• K.10 — Identify the local, state, and national symbols (e.g., flag, bird, song).
• 1.18 — Use a variety of maps to locate specific places and identify major landforms, bodies of water, and other places of significance around the United States.
• 5.27 — Using a map, identify and locate the 50 states in the United States and know the capitals of each state along with the surrounding U.S. territories.

New York

• 5.4 — Geography in the Western Hemisphere
• 5.7b — Peoples of the Western Hemisphere have engaged in a variety of economic activities to meet their needs and wants.
• E.1.3 — Study about the major social, political, economic, cultural, and religious developments in New York State and United States history involves learning about the important roles and contributions of individuals and groups.

North Carolina

• 1.B.1.1 — Identify cultural practices and traditions in local communities and places around the world.
• 2.G.1.1 — Recognize absolute and relative location of various settlements, territories, and states in the development of the American nation.
• 5.G.1.1 — Explain the relationship between location, physical environment, and human activity in the United States.
• 2.H.1 — Understand how various people and events have shaped America.
• K.G.1.2 — Identify physical features of places using maps, globes, and/or digital representations.

Ohio

• 1.5 — Places are distinctive because of their physical characteristics (land forms and bodies of water) and human characteristics (structures built by people).
• 3.5 — Daily life is influenced by the agriculture, industry and natural resources in different communities.

Oklahoma

• 4.2.2 — Identify major physical features in the United States and analyze how physical processes shape places. A. Identify and describe the physical characteristics of places, including the major landforms, bodies of water, vegetation and climates in the United States. B. Describe the location and characteristics of the major ecosystems in the United States.
• 4.2.3 — Explain how people create regions using common geographic characteristics. A. Identify and describe the major physical, cultural, and economic regions of the United States, comparing one’s own region to the other regions. B. Explain how and why regions change over time by comparing regions in the past with life in the same regions in the present.
• 4.2.5 — Identify and locate on a political map the fifty states and the United States capitol.
• 4.3.2 — Examine the characteristics of culture, including the distribution and complexity of the regions of the United States. A. Identify the characteristics of culture (language, customs, beliefs, food, clothing, shelter) and compare the cultural characteristics of different regions of the United States. B. Explain how the characteristics of culture affect the ways in which people live.
• 4.4.2 — Describe the patterns and networks of economic interdependence among regions of the United States. A. Identify and locate on a map the major cities of the United States, including their relative location to natural resources and transportation routes. B. Identify the major economic activities of each region of the United States by comparing how people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services. C. Describe the relative location of natural resources, such as fossil fuels, minerals and soils, and their relationship to each region’s major economic activities, including agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, energy, and services.

Oregon

• 1.11 — Identify, affirm, respect, and explain the diverse cultural heritage, songs, symbols, and celebrations of my community and the diverse social and ethnic groups in Oregon and the United States of America.
• 2.12 — Identify relative location of school and community in the state, nation and the world.
• 2.17 — Identify and describe community celebrations, landmarks, symbols from a variety of traditions and explain why they are significant to the cultural heritage of members of the community.

Pennsylvania

• 7.1.3.B — Identify and locate places and regions.
• 7.2.3.A — Identify the physical characteristics of places and regions.
• 8.3.3.A. — Identify contributions of individuals and groups to United States history.
• 7.3.3.B — Identify the human characteristics of places and regions by their cultural characteristics.
• 7.3.3.D — Identify the human characteristics of places and regions by their economic activities.

Rhode Island

• SS3.4.1 — Geography and environment of the Midwest Explain the geography and environment of the Midwestern region of the United States
• SS3.4.2 — States in the Midwest Explain the states that make up the Midwestern region including their admittance to the United States and their identities
• SS3.4.4 — The Midwestern region today Argue how the geography and environment of the Midwestern region contributed to its social, cultural, and economic development

South Carolina

• 2.G.2 — Describe and compare various landforms over time within the U.S. through the use of primary and secondary sources. This indicator was developed to encourage inquiry into using historic images, maps, narratives, texts, or video, to investigate and compare different landforms around the U.S.
• 2.G.3 — Explain how the distribution of human features, physical features, and natural resources within the U. S changes over time and impacts economic activity. This indicator was developed to encourage inquiry into how rivers, lakes, mountains, and other land features affect economic activity. This indicator also prompts students to explore how different geographic areas support different activities in different times due the availability of resources.
• 3.1.3.PR — Identify the spatial hierarchy of political and physical geographic features. This indicator prompts students to inquire about spatial hierarchies (i.e. scale) to understand connections between Earth's systems. Political features include cities, states, and countries. Physical features include forests, mountains, oceans, and rivers.
• 2.H.1 — Identify and compare significant historical events, moments, and symbols in U.S. history. This indicator was developed to encourage inquiry into historical events, including figures, symbols, and observances, that have been important to the U.S. over time as well as how they impact us.

South Dakota

• 3.G.1.2 — Locate the seven continents, four oceans, and major physical features and regions of the United States on a map or globe
• 3.H.2.2 — Explain the importance of famous American figures including but not limited to George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Thomas Jefferson
• 3.C.1.1 — Research and explain the meaning behind South Dakota’s symbols
• 4.G.3.1 — Describe how natural and human conditions shape places and regions

Tennessee

• 3.09 — Identify and locate the fifty states of the U.S.
• 2.05 — Recognize major U.S. industries and their products, including: agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, transportation, etc.
• 3.11 — Identify major physical features of the U.S., including: • Rivers—Colorado, Mississippi, Ohio, Rio Grande • Mountains—Alaska Range, Appalachian, Rockies • Bodies of Water—Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico • Desert— Great Basin • Landforms—Grand Canyon, Great Plains

Texas

• 2.11D — identify symbols such as state and national birds and flowers and Uncle Sam; and
• 2.2A — identify contributions of historical figures, including Thurgood Marshall, Irma Rangel, and Theodore Roosevelt, who have influenced the state and nation; and
• 5.6B — describe regions in the United States based on physical characteristics such as landform, climate, and vegetation;
• K.4A — identify the physical characteristics of place such as landforms, bodies of water, Earth's resources, and weather; and
• 5.6C — locate on a map important political features such as the five largest cities by population in the United States and the 50 states; and

Utah

• 2.2.3.b — Identify community and state symbols, documents and landmarks (e.g., city hall, county courthouse, state capitol, Utah State Constitution, flag, holidays).
• K.2.3.b — Recognize state and national symbols (e.g., state and national flags, bald eagle, seagull, Statue of Liberty).

Vermont

• D2.Geo.6.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Identify some cultural and environmental characteristics of specific places.
• D2.Geo.2.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Use maps, graphs, photographs, and other representations to describe places and the relationships and interactions that shape them.
• D2.Geo.9.K-2 — Individually and with others, students… Describe the connections between the physical environment of a place and the economic activities found there.
• D2.Geo.2.3-5 — Individually and with others, students… Use maps, satellite images, photographs, and other representations to explain relationships between the locations of places and regions and their environmental characteristics.

Virginia

• 2.10.c — The student will describe the contributions and roles of changemakers in United States history including, but not limited to Reformers and Champions: Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Helen Keller, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson, Cesar Chavez, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Sen. Daniel Inouye, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama.
• USI.1.c — The student will apply history and social science skills to understand the geography of North America by locating the 50 states.
• Skill.2.b — The student will apply history and social science skills to the content by applying geographic skills to identify and understand geographic features and connections.

Washington

• G1.3.2 — Investigate the physical, political, and cultural characteristics of places, regions, and people in North America, including the location of the fifty states within the regions of the United States.
• G1.3.1 — Examine and use maps and globes to understand the regions of North America in the past and present.
• G2.2.1 — Identify some common and unique cultural and environmental characteristics of specific places.
• H2.5.1 — Analyze and explain how individuals have caused change in United States history.

Washington, D.C.

• 1.17 — Identify key political features of each region on a map, to include, local neighborhoods, wards, Washington, DC, the United States and North America.

West Virginia

• SS.3.19 — Compare and contrast regions of the United States in regard to plant and animal life, landforms, climate and human interactions with the environment.
• SS.5.17 — Compare and contrast the various regions of the United States; locate each of the fifty United States and correlate them with their regions.
• SS.2.15 — Identify cultural contributions and differences made by people from the various regions in the United States using literature, documents and oral accounts.
• SS.4.8 — Describe and locate examples of the major physical features ofthe United States (e.g., bodies of water, mountains, rivers, grasslands, oases, etc.) using references and technology (e.g., atlas, globe, geographic information system, etc.).

Wisconsin

• SS.PS1.a.K-1 — Describe symbols, songs, and traditions that identify our state and country. Assess the importance of rules and laws at home, in school, and in the community.
• SS.Geog1.b.1-2 — Identify physical and human characteristics of a place using maps, graphs, photographs, and other representations.
• SS.Geog5.b.2 — Identify natural resources (e.g., fertile soil, forests, mining) of a place and provide examples of how those resources are used.
• SS.Geog4.a.2 — Categorize characteristics of the local community (e.g., weather and climate, population, landforms, vegetation, culture, industry). Describe how certain places have meanings that distinguish them from other places. (e.g., shopping mall, park, places of worship).

Wyoming

• SS2.5.2 — Physical Place and Region Identify, describe, and use local physical and human characteristics to discuss the similarities and differences between parts of the community (e.g., neighborhoods, schools, towns, and reservation communities). RL.1.2, RL.2.3 RI.1.3, Rl.2.2, RI.2.10 W.K.2, W.K.7 W.1.1, W.1.7 W.2.1, W.2.7 SL.K.4, SL.1.4, SL.2.2
• SS5.5.2 — Physical Place and Region Explain how physical features, patterns, and systems impact different regions and how these features may help us generalize and compare areas within the reservation, state, nation, or world. RL.3.2, RL.4.7, RL.4.9 RI.3.3, RI.4.3, RI.5.3 W.3.2, W.3.7, W.4.2.b W.5.2.b W.5.7 SL.3.4